GNU Free Documentation License
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Table of Contents
Version 1.2, November 2002
Copyright (C) 2000,2001,2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
0. PREAMBLE
The purpose of this License is to make a manual,
textbook, or other functional and useful document "free" in
the sense of freedom: to assure everyone the effective
freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without
modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially.
Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and
publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not
being considered responsible for modifications made by
others.
This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that
derivative works of the document must themselves be free in
the same sense. It complements the GNU General Public
License, which is a copyleft license designed for free
software.
We have designed this License in order to use it for
manuals for free software, because free software needs free
documentation: a free program should come with manuals
providing the same freedoms that the software does. But this
License is not limited to software manuals; it can be used
for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or
whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this
License principally for works whose purpose is instruction
or reference.
1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
This License applies to any manual or other work, in any
medium, that contains a notice placed by the copyright
holder saying it can be distributed under the terms of this
License. Such a notice grants a world-wide, royalty-free
license, unlimited in duration, to use that work under the
conditions stated herein. The "Document", below, refers to
any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a
licensee, and is addressed as "you". You accept the license
if you copy, modify or distribute the work in a way
requiring permission under copyright law.
A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work
containing the Document or a portion of it, either copied
verbatim, or with modifications and/or translated into
another language.
A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a
front-matter section of the Document that deals exclusively
with the relationship of the publishers or authors of the
Document to the Document's overall subject (or to related
matters) and contains nothing that could fall directly
within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document is in
part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not
explain any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter
of historical connection with the subject or with related
matters, or of legal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or
political position regarding them.
The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections
whose titles are designated, as being those of Invariant
Sections, in the notice that says that the Document is
released under this License. If a section does not fit the
above definition of Secondary then it is not allowed to be
designated as Invariant. The Document may contain zero
Invariant Sections. If the Document does not identify any
Invariant Sections then there are none.
The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that
are listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the
notice that says that the Document is released under this
License. A Front-Cover Text may be at most 5 words, and a
Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words.
A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a
machine-readable copy, represented in a format whose
specification is available to the general public, that is
suitable for revising the document straightforwardly with
generic text editors or (for images composed of pixels)
generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely
available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to
text formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of
formats suitable for input to text formatters. A copy made
in an otherwise Transparent file format whose markup, or
absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart or discourage
subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent. An
image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial
amount of text. A copy that is not "Transparent" is called
"Opaque".
Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies
include plain ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format,
LaTeX input format, SGML or XML using a publicly available
DTD, and standard-conforming simple HTML, PostScript or PDF
designed for human modification. Examples of transparent
image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG. Opaque formats
include proprietary formats that can be read and edited only
by proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the
DTD and/or processing tools are not generally available, and
the machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by
some word processors for output purposes only.
The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title
page itself, plus such following pages as are needed to
hold, legibly, the material this License requires to appear
in the title page. For works in formats which do not have
any title page as such, "Title Page" means the text near the
most prominent appearance of the work's title, preceding the
beginning of the body of the text.
A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the
Document whose title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ
in parentheses following text that translates XYZ in another
language. (Here XYZ stands for a specific section name
mentioned below, such as "Acknowledgements", "Dedications",
"Endorsements", or "History".) To "Preserve the Title" of
such a section when you modify the Document means that it
remains a section "Entitled XYZ" according to this
definition.
The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the
notice which states that this License applies to the
Document. These Warranty Disclaimers are considered to be
included by reference in this License, but only as regards
disclaiming warranties: any other implication that these
Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has no effect on
the meaning of this License.
2. VERBATIM COPYING
You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium,
either commercially or noncommercially, provided that this
License, the copyright notices, and the license notice
saying this License applies to the Document are reproduced
in all copies, and that you add no other conditions
whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use
technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or
further copying of the copies you make or distribute.
However, you may accept compensation in exchange for copies.
If you distribute a large enough number of copies you must
also follow the conditions in section 3.
You may also lend copies, under the same conditions
stated above, and you may publicly display copies.
3. COPYING IN QUANTITY
If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that
commonly have printed covers) of the Document, numbering
more than 100, and the Document's license notice requires
Cover Texts, you must enclose the copies in covers that
carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover Texts:
Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts
on the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly
identify you as the publisher of these copies. The front
cover must present the full title with all words of the
title equally prominent and visible. You may add other
material on the covers in addition. Copying with changes
limited to the covers, as long as they preserve the title of
the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated as
verbatim copying in other respects.
If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous
to fit legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as
many as fit reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue
the rest onto adjacent pages.
If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the
Document numbering more than 100, you must either include a
machine-readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque
copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy a
computer-network location from which the general
network-using public has access to download using
public-standard network protocols a complete Transparent
copy of the Document, free of added material. If you use the
latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when
you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to
ensure that this Transparent copy will remain thus
accessible at the stated location until at least one year
after the last time you distribute an Opaque copy (directly
or through your agents or retailers) of that edition to the
public.
It is requested, but not required, that you contact the
authors of the Document well before redistributing any large
number of copies, to give them a chance to provide you with
an updated version of the Document.
4. MODIFICATIONS
You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the
Document under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above,
provided that you release the Modified Version under
precisely this License, with the Modified Version filling
the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution and
modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a
copy of it. In addition, you must do these things in the
Modified Version:
- A. Use in the Title Page (and on
the covers, if any) a title distinct from that of the
Document, and from those of previous versions (which
should, if there were any, be listed in the History
section of the Document). You may use the same title as
a previous version if the original publisher of that
version gives permission.
- B. List on the Title Page, as
authors, one or more persons or entities responsible for
authorship of the modifications in the Modified Version,
together with at least five of the principal authors of
the Document (all of its principal authors, if it has
fewer than five), unless they release you from this
requirement.
- C. State on the Title page the name
of the publisher of the Modified Version, as the
publisher.
- D. Preserve all the copyright
notices of the Document.
- E. Add an appropriate copyright
notice for your modifications adjacent to the other
copyright notices.
- F. Include, immediately after the
copyright notices, a license notice giving the public
permission to use the Modified Version under the terms
of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum
below.
- G. Preserve in that license notice
the full lists of Invariant Sections and required Cover
Texts given in the Document's license notice.
- H. Include an unaltered copy of
this License.
- I. Preserve the section Entitled
"History", Preserve its Title, and add to it an item
stating at least the title, year, new authors, and
publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title
Page. If there is no section Entitled "History" in the
Document, create one stating the title, year, authors,
and publisher of the Document as given on its Title
Page, then add an item describing the Modified Version
as stated in the previous sentence.
- J. Preserve the network location,
if any, given in the Document for public access to a
Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise the
network locations given in the Document for previous
versions it was based on. These may be placed in the
"History" section. You may omit a network location for a
work that was published at least four years before the
Document itself, or if the original publisher of the
version it refers to gives permission.
- K. For any section Entitled
"Acknowledgements" or "Dedications", Preserve the Title
of the section, and preserve in the section all the
substance and tone of each of the contributor
acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein.
- L. Preserve all the Invariant
Sections of the Document, unaltered in their text and in
their titles. Section numbers or the equivalent are not
considered part of the section titles.
- M. Delete any section Entitled
"Endorsements". Such a section may not be included in
the Modified Version.
- N. Do not retitle any existing
section to be Entitled "Endorsements" or to conflict in
title with any Invariant Section.
- O. Preserve any Warranty
Disclaimers.
If the Modified Version includes new front-matter
sections or appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections
and contain no material copied from the Document, you may at
your option designate some or all of these sections as
invariant. To do this, add their titles to the list of
Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice.
These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.
You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided
it contains nothing but endorsements of your Modified
Version by various parties--for example, statements of peer
review or that the text has been approved by an organization
as the authoritative definition of a standard.
You may add a passage of up to five words as a
Front-Cover Text, and a passage of up to 25 words as a
Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list of Cover Texts in
the Modified Version. Only one passage of Front-Cover Text
and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or through
arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document
already includes a cover text for the same cover, previously
added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you
are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you
may replace the old one, on explicit permission from the
previous publisher that added the old one.
The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by
this License give permission to use their names for
publicity for or to assert or imply endorsement of any
Modified Version.
5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS
You may combine the Document with other documents
released under this License, under the terms defined in
section 4 above for modified versions, provided that you
include in the combination all of the Invariant Sections of
all of the original documents, unmodified, and list them all
as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its license
notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty
Disclaimers.
The combined work need only contain one copy of this
License, and multiple identical Invariant Sections may be
replaced with a single copy. If there are multiple Invariant
Sections with the same name but different contents, make the
title of each such section unique by adding at the end of
it, in parentheses, the name of the original author or
publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number.
Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list
of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined
work.
In the combination, you must combine any sections
Entitled "History" in the various original documents,
forming one section Entitled "History"; likewise combine any
sections Entitled "Acknowledgements", and any sections
Entitled "Dedications". You must delete all sections
Entitled "Endorsements."
6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
You may make a collection consisting of the Document and
other documents released under this License, and replace the
individual copies of this License in the various documents
with a single copy that is included in the collection,
provided that you follow the rules of this License for
verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other
respects.
You may extract a single document from such a collection,
and distribute it individually under this License, provided
you insert a copy of this License into the extracted
document, and follow this License in all other respects
regarding verbatim copying of that document.
7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with
other separate and independent documents or works, in or on
a volume of a storage or distribution medium, is called an
"aggregate" if the copyright resulting from the compilation
is not used to limit the legal rights of the compilation's
users beyond what the individual works permit. When the
Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not
apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not
themselves derivative works of the Document.
If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable
to these copies of the Document, then if the Document is
less than one half of the entire aggregate, the Document's
Cover Texts may be placed on covers that bracket the
Document within the aggregate, or the electronic equivalent
of covers if the Document is in electronic form. Otherwise
they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole
aggregate.
8. TRANSLATION
Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you
may distribute translations of the Document under the terms
of section 4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations
requires special permission from their copyright holders,
but you may include translations of some or all Invariant
Sections in addition to the original versions of these
Invariant Sections. You may include a translation of this
License, and all the license notices in the Document, and
any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include the
original English version of this License and the original
versions of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a
disagreement between the translation and the original
version of this License or a notice or disclaimer, the
original version will prevail.
If a section in the Document is Entitled
"Acknowledgements", "Dedications", or "History", the
requirement (section 4) to Preserve its Title (section 1)
will typically require changing the actual title.
9. TERMINATION
You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the
Document except as expressly provided for under this
License. Any other attempt to copy, modify, sublicense or
distribute the Document is void, and will automatically
terminate your rights under this License. However, parties
who have received copies, or rights, from you under this
License will not have their licenses terminated so long as
such parties remain in full compliance.
10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised
versions of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to
time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the
present version, but may differ in detail to address new
problems or concerns. See http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.
Each version of the License is given a distinguishing
version number. If the Document specifies that a particular
numbered version of this License "or any later version"
applies to it, you have the option of following the terms
and conditions either of that specified version or of any
later version that has been published (not as a draft) by
the Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not
specify a version number of this License, you may choose any
version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free Software
Foundation.
To use this License in a document you have written,
include a copy of the License in the document and put the
following copyright and license notices just after the title
page:
Copyright (c) YEAR YOUR NAME.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover
Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU
Free Documentation License".
If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and
Back-Cover Texts, replace the "with...Texts." line with
this:
with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the
Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST.
If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or
some other combination of the three, merge those two
alternatives to suit the situation.
If your document contains nontrivial examples of program
code, we recommend releasing these examples in parallel
under your choice of free software license, such as the GNU
General Public License, to permit their use in free
software.